Organic Chemistry----Nomenclature

CH4

• organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds(carbon forms multiple covalent bonds)
• carbon compounds can form chains, rings or branches
• simplest organic compounds are made of carbon and hydrogen
• saturated compounds have no double or  triple bonds
• compounds with only a single bonds are called Alkanes and always end in -ane

Nomenclature

There are 3 types of Organic compounds:

1. straight chains
2. cyclic chains
3. aromatics

Straight chain rules

1. Circle the largest continuous chain and name them as the base chain (ex. meth, eth, prop)
2. Number the base chain so side chains have the lowest possible numbers
3. Name each side chain using the -yl ending
4. Give each side chain the appropriate number (if there is more than one identical side chain numbers, labels are slightly different)
5. List side chains alphabetically

EX.

             

3-ethyl 2,4 dimethyl pentane

Janine R

Polar and Non-Polar Solvents Lab

Objective of this lab: to determine if Glycerin is Polar or Non-Polar

We set up 6 clean, dry test tubes and divided them into 3 sets. 3 test tubes were half filled with water and the other 3 were filled with paint thinner. The first 3 tubes with water, we added table salt, sugar and iodine to each one. All dissolved in each of the solvents. We then added the same 3 substances in each of the test tubes filled with paint thinner. Non of the substances dissolved in the paint thinner. The iodine turned the paint thinner a magenta colour. At the end of the lab we combined water, glycerin and the paint thinner into one tube. It didnt dissolve and the glycerin and paint thinner stayed at the top, creating a jelly look. (like the picture below)

                                       (water, paint thinner and glycerin combined in one test tube)



Janine R

Intramolecular Bonds

Intramolecular: bonds that exist within molecules
     -ionic and covalent
Intermolecular: bonds that exist between molecules
     - stronger the intermolecular nonds the higher boiling point or melting point
     - 2 types : Vander waals and Hydrogen bonds


Vander Waal Bonds

• based on electron distribution
• two categories:   1. Dipole 2. Bonas
• if a molecule is polar the positive end of one molecule will be attracted to the negative end of another molecule

LDF London Dispersion Focus

• is present in all molecules
• -creates weakest bond
• - if a substance is nonpolar dipole the focus doesnt exist
• electrons are free to move around and wil randomly be grouped on one side of the molecule
• this creates a temporarily dipole and can cause a weak bond to form
• the more electrons in the molecule the stronger the LDF can be

Hydrogen Bonding

• if Hydrogen is bonded to certain elements (F, O , or N) the bond is highly polar
• thsi forms a very strong intermolecular bond

Nicole H

Polar Molecules

- polar molecules have an overall charge seperation
- unsymmetrical molecules are usually polar
molecule dipoles: are resulted of unequal sharing of electrons in a moleculE

Predicting Polarity

- If a molecule s symmetrical the pull of electrons are usually balanced
- molecules can be un-symetrical in 2 ways:
1. different atoms
2. different number of atoms

EXAMPLE:
Molecule                  Diagram                                              Polarity

CO2     Non polar (because it is symmetrical)

Nicole H