Esters

• carbon attached to a double bonded oxygen and a single bonded oxygen
• ends with -oate

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKSd2RJolNA

Watch this video on how to write the functional group esters

Janine R

Nitro, Amide, & Amine

Nitro

• nitrogen has a double bond with an oxygen and a single bond with oxygen
• located at the end of a parent chain

Nitro Pentane

3 Nitro Benzoic Acid

Amide

• oxygen and NH2 bond
• ends in -amide

Propanamide

Amine

• nitrogen part of the parent chain
• ends as Amine

pentyl amine

Janine R

Aldehydes and Caroxylic Acid

Aldehydes

-double bonded O --> end of your cahin
- simplest aldehyde is methanol
-  endings : al

Example:

Carboxylic Acid

-from by the functional group


- uses standard rules
- parent cahin ends : oic acid

Nicole H

Alicylics and Aromatics

- carbon chains can form 2 types of closed loops
- Alicylics are loops usually made with single bonds
- if parent chain is a loop standard naming rules apply
        - with one addition: "cyclo" is added in front of the parent chain

3 different ways to draw organic compunds:

1. Complete Structural Diagram

2. Condensed Structural Diagram

3. Line Diagram

- numbering can go anywhere starting with clockwise or counter clockwise on the loop but the side chains must be the lowest possible

BENZENE:

Nicole H

Alcohols, Halides, Ketone and Ethers

ALCOHOLS:
-contain functional groups OH (hydroxol)
one OH : Ends in ol
two OH : Ends in diol
three OH : Ends in triol

Example : Ethanol



HALIDES:
- it only includes group 17 from the periodic table
ending : O
Flourine: Floro
Chlorine: Cloro
Bromine: Bromo
Iodine: Ioda

Example: 1 cloroethane



KETONE:
- double bonded oxygen
- ends in anone
-double bond cannot be in the beginning or the end

Example: butanone



ETHERS:
-only contains oxygen
- always between two carbons
- numerical order ( not alphabetical order like the others)
-ends in ether

Example: dimethyl ether

Nicole H

Alkenes and Alkynes (double&triple bonds)

• carbon can form double and triple bonds with carbon atoms
• naming rule  --the position of the double/triple bonds always have the lowest number and is out in front of the parent chain
• double bonds (alkenes) end in -ene
• triple bonds (alkynes) end in -yne

EX.

5, 5 diethyl 2,6,7 trimethyl 3 octene

Ethene

4 methyl 2 pentyne

Multiple Double Bonds

• more than one double bond can exist in a molecule
• you can use the same multipliers inside the parent chain

Janine R

Organic Chemistry----Nomenclature

CH4

• organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds(carbon forms multiple covalent bonds)
• carbon compounds can form chains, rings or branches
• simplest organic compounds are made of carbon and hydrogen
• saturated compounds have no double or  triple bonds
• compounds with only a single bonds are called Alkanes and always end in -ane

Nomenclature

There are 3 types of Organic compounds:

1. straight chains
2. cyclic chains
3. aromatics

Straight chain rules

1. Circle the largest continuous chain and name them as the base chain (ex. meth, eth, prop)
2. Number the base chain so side chains have the lowest possible numbers
3. Name each side chain using the -yl ending
4. Give each side chain the appropriate number (if there is more than one identical side chain numbers, labels are slightly different)
5. List side chains alphabetically

EX.

             

3-ethyl 2,4 dimethyl pentane

Janine R